Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering: Innovations in Scaffolding Technologies, Stem Cell Engineering, and Bioprinting for Tissue Repair and Organ Regeneration
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56294/evk2025236Keywords:
Tissue Engineering, Scaffolding Technologies, Stem Cell Engineering, Bioprinting, Tissue Repair, Organ RegenerationAbstract
Introduction: regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are emerging disciplines that seek to restore the function of damaged tissues and organs through technological innovations. These areas combine biology, engineering, and medicine to develop solutions that improve patients' quality of life. In this context, scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting stand out as key tools for tissue repair and organ regeneration.
Development: scaffolds are three-dimensional structures that provide physical support for cell growth and tissue formation. They can be designed with biocompatible materials that mimic the properties of natural tissue, facilitating integration with the body. Stem cell engineering, on the other hand, allows for the extraction and differentiation of cells with regenerative potential, which is crucial for repairing damage to specific tissues. Bioprinting, an innovative technique, uses 3D printers to create complex cellular structures, enabling the manufacture of personalized tissues and artificial organs. These technologies have shown promising results in preclinical and clinical studies, offering new hope in the treatment of degenerative diseases, traumatic injuries, and birth defects.
Conclusions: innovations in scaffolding technologies, stem cell engineering, and bioprinting are opening up new possibilities for tissue and organ repair and regeneration. As these technologies continue to evolve, it is critical to address the associated ethical and regulatory challenges to ensure their safe and effective implementation in clinical practice.
References
1. Molina S. Ingeniería Tisular. EuroGCT. https://www.eurogct.org/es/que-es-la-ingenieria-tisular
2. Instituto Nacional de Bioingeniería e Imágenes Biomédicas (NIBIB). Hoja informativa: Ingeniería de Tejidos y Medicina Regenerativa. NIBIB. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2022-05/Fact-Sheet-Ingenieria-de-Tejidos-y-Medicine-Regenerativa.pdf
3. Instituto Nacional de Bioingeniería e Imágenes Biomédicas (NIBIB). Ingeniería de tejidos y medicina regenerativa. NIBIB. https://www.nibib.nih.gov/espanol/temas-cientificos/ingenier%C3%ADa-de-tejidos-y-medicina-regenerativa-0
4. America Cell Bank. Paseo por la Historia de las Células Madre – Homenaje a la Vida. America Cell Bank. https://americacellbank.com.co/blog/paseo-por-la-historia-de-las-celulas-madre-homenaje-a-la-vida/
5. SciELO Perú. Ingeniería de tejidos y medicina regenerativa. SciELO. https://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1726-46342010000300009
6. Gaceta UNAM. Regenerar huesos, cartílagos o tendones, la promesa de la ingeniería de tejidos. Gaceta UNAM. https://www.gaceta.unam.mx/regenerar-huesos-cartilagos-o-tendones-la-promesa-de-la-ingenieria-de-tejidos/
7. Hernández-Rodríguez T. Andamios y biomateriales para la ingeniería tisular. Rev Cubana Angiol Cir Vasc. 2018 ;19(2):1-14. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1684-45592018000200005&lng=es
8. Alvarado-Gómez A, Ramírez-Valera G. El uso de la bioingeniería en la medicina regenerativa. Revista digital universitaria. 2022 ;23(5). https://www.revistadigital.univim.edu.mx/index.php/UNI/article/download/235/496/1206
9. Ortegón D, Mejía-Restrepo J. Técnicas de electrohilado para la producción de andamios poliméricos con aplicaciones en ingeniería de tejidos. Rev Fac Ing Univ Antioquia. 2014; (70):206-18. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/430/43031061019.pdf
10. Duque-Ramírez J, Hincapié-Montoya A, Serna-Giraldo J, Giraldo-Velásquez M. Bioimpresión 3D aplicada a la ingeniería de tejidos: una revisión. Rev Ing Univ Medellín. 2022 ;21(41):e214115. https://www.scielo.org.co/pdf/rium/v21n41/1692-3324-rium-21-41-e214115.pdf
11. Mayo Clinic. Stem cells: What they are and what they do. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/stem-cells/symptoms-causes/syc-20361665
12. ProgenCell. ¿Qué es la Terapia con Células Madre? ProgenCell. https://progencell.com/es/que-es-la-terapia-con-celulas-madre/
13. Start Stem Cells. Células Madre Mesenquimales (MSC): Todo lo que Necesitas Saber. Start Stem Cells. https://startstemcells.com/celulas-madre-mesenquimales-msc/
14. Clínica Dermatológica Internacional. Medicina regenerativa para el acné y las cicatrices del acné. Clínica Dermatológica Internacional. https://clinicadermatologicainternacional.com/es/medicina-regenerativa-para-el-acne-y-las-cicatrices-del-acne/
15. Bio-Rad. Aislamiento y Mantenimiento de Células Madre. Bio-Rad. https://www.bio-rad.com/es-es/applications-technologies/isolation-maintenance-stem-cells?ID=LUSR1TC4S
16. Sigma-Aldrich. iPSC Reprogramming Protocols. Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/stem-cell-culture/ipsc-reprogramming-protocols
17. ASGCT. Gene and Cell Therapy FAQs. ASGCT. https://www.asgct.org/education/more-resources/gene-and-cell-therapy-faqs
18. Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Ashtiani S. Synthetic Polymers for Organ 3D Printing. PMC. 2022 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8796857/
19. Zhang J, Liu X, Chen Y, Wang M, Wang B, Sun B, et al. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes promote osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell Prolif. 2017 ;50(5):e12399. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5660271/
20. Spees JL, Lee RH, Gregory CA. Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell function in inflammatory liver injury. Exp Mol Med. 2016 ;48(1):e202. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3021634/ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13287-016-0363-7
21. Wang Y, Yin Y. Harnessing the Immune Response for Regenerative Medicine through Immunomodulation in Stem Cell Therapy. Open Access J. 2024 https://www.openaccessjournals.com/articles/harnessing-the-immune-response-for-regenerative-medicine-through-immunomodulation-in-stem-cell-therapy-16824.html
22. Sociedad Canadiense Contra el Cáncer. Efectos secundarios de un trasplante de células madre. Sociedad Canadiense Contra el Cáncer. https://cancer.ca/es/treatments/treatment-types/stem-cell-transplant/side-effects-of-stem-cell-transplant
23. The Biomedical & Life Sciences Collection. The future of cell therapy: Scaling production for global reach. Drug Target Review. 2023 https://www.drugtargetreview.com/article/156266/the-future-of-cell-therapy-scaling-production-for-global-reach/
24. Patheon. Autologous Cell Therapy Manufacturing Challenges and Best Practices. Patheon. https://www.patheon.com/us/en/insights-resources/blog/autologous-cell-therapy-manufacturing-challenges-and-best-practices.html
25. Bio-Rad. Diferenciación de Células Madre. Bio-Rad. https://www.bio-rad.com/es-es/applications-technologies/differentiation-stem-cells?ID=LUSR2L8UU
26. Sigma-Aldrich. iPSC Differentiation. Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/stem-cell-culture/ipsc-differentiation
27. Sigma-Aldrich. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/protocol/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/primary-cell-culture/mesenchymal-stem-cell-differentiation
28. Sigma-Aldrich. Neuronal Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Sigma-Aldrich. https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/technical-documents/technical-article/cell-culture-and-cell-culture-analysis/stem-cell-culture/neuronal-mesenchymal-stem-cells
29. Song J, Xu B, Fan Z, Lin Z. Genetically engineered hypoimmunogenic cell therapy. ResGate. 2024 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/382676407_Genetically_engineered_hypoimmunogenic_cell_therapy
30. Sun H, Zhao T. iPSC modification strategies to induce immune tolerance. Life Medi. 2024; 4(3):lnaf016. https://academic.oup.com/lifemedi/article/4/3/lnaf016/8101347
31. CELLINK. What are Bioinks? CELLINK. https://cellink.com/what-are-bioinks/
32. ResearchGate. 3D Bioprinting Techniques. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/3D-Bioprinting-Techniques-A-Extrusion-Bioprinting-B-Inkjet-Bioprinting-and-C_fig1_366164227
33. faCellitate. Bioprinting - Technologies & Application. faCellitate. https://facellitate.com/resources/bioprinting-technologies-application/
34. Stellarix. Smart Bioinks for the Printing of Human Tissue Models. Stellarix. https://www.stellarix.in/smart-bioinks-for-the-printing-of-human-tissue-models/
35. Velarde T, Rojas N, Valdivia E. Hidrogeles de origen natural utilizados en la regeneración de tejidos. Dermatol Peruana. 2023 ;33(2):100-111. https://rpmesp.ins.gob.pe/index.php/rpmesp/article/view/13769/622
36. Additium 3D. Órganos impresos en 3D y aplicaciones en la medicina. Additium 3D. https://additium3d.com/organos-impresos-3d/
37. Biotriskel Biotech. Ingeniería de Tejidos Vascularizados. Biotriskel Biotech. https://biotriskel.com/ingenieria-tejidos-vascularizados/
38. Huang H, Mao B, Deng J, Cao X, Chen D. Stereolithography apparatus and digital light processing-based 3D bioprinting for tissue fabrication. Mil Med Res. 2023 ;10(1):17. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36761021/
39. Kim Y, Kim S, Lee JS, Cho DW. Stereolithography 3D Bioprinting. Methods Mol Biol. 2020 ;2119:109-122. https://experiments.springernature.com/articles/10.1007/978-1-0716-0520-2_6
40. Fundación Instituto Roche. Bioimpresión 3D. Fundación Instituto Roche. https://www.institutoroche.es/static/archivos/Informes_anticipando_BIOIMPRESION_digital.pdf
41. Tomorrow Bio. Ingeniería de tejidos: un paso hacia la biofabricación de órganos. Tomorrow Bio. https://www.tomorrow.bio/es/post/ingenieria-de-tejidos-un-paso-hacia-la-biofabricacion-de-organos
42. Universidad de Zaragoza. Diseño, fabricación y caracterización de andamios poliméricos mediante electrohilado para su aplicación en la ingeniería de tejidos. Universidad de Zaragoza. https://zaguan.unizar.es/record/119504/files/TAZ-TFG-2022-859.pdf
43. FasterCapital. Bioimpresión: Avances en bioimpresión: de órganos a tejidos. FasterCapital. https://fastercapital.com/es/contenido/Bioimpresion--avances-en-bioimpresion--de-organos-a-tejidos.html
44. California Institute for Regenerative Medicine (CIRM). Development of 3D bioprinting techniques using human embryonic stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes for cardiac tissue engineering. CIRM. https://www.cirm.ca.gov/es/our-progress/awards/development-3d-bioprinting-techniques-using-human-embryonic-stem-cells-derived-cardiomyocytes-cardiac-tissue-engineering/
45. Cancer.gov. La investigación sobre células madre. Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/cancer/tratamiento/tipos/celulas-madre/celulas-madre-investigacion
46. Bookimed. Terapia con células madre: Precios y costes en el mundo. Bookimed. https://es.bookimed.com/article/stem-cell-therapy-cost/
47. SciELO Cuba - Infomed. Aspectos éticos en el uso de las células madre embrionarias humanas. Rev Cubana Salud Pública. 2012 ;38(1):119-125. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662012000100011&lng=es
48. Cibamanz2021. Bioética de la medicina regenerativa. Cibamanz2021. https://cibamanz2021.com/bioetica-de-la-medicina-regenerativa/
49. Number Analytics. La Importancia del Control de Calidad en el Desarrollo de la Medicina Regenerativa. Number Analytics. https://numberanalytics.com/es/blog/la-importancia-del-control-de-calidad-en-el-desarrollo-de-la-medicina-regenerativa
50. Frontiers Media S.A. Regenerative Medicine Advanced Therapy (RMAT) Designation for Allogeneic Cell Therapies: A Critical Assessment. Front. Med. 2021 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2021.758832/full
51. Pew Charitable Trusts. FDA’s Approval Process for Regenerative Medicine Products: Opportunities and Challenges. Pew Charitable Trusts. 2021 https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/reports/2021/04/fdas-approval-process-for-regenerative-medicine-products-opportunities-and-challenges
52. US Government Accountability Office (GAO). Regenerative Medicine: FDA Should Take Steps to Address Manufacturing and Supply Chain Challenges. GAO. 2023 https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-23-106511
53. Infiniti Research. Regenerative Medicine Market: Challenges and Opportunities. Infiniti Research. 2022 https://www.infinitiresearch.com/blogs/regenerative-medicine-market-challenges-opportunities
54. PubMed Central. The Ethics of Human-Animal Chimeras. PMC. 2017 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5568117/
55. The Hastings Center for Bioethics. Human-Animal Chimeras: Ethical Issues. The Hastings Center. https://www.thehastingscenter.org/briefingbook/chimeras/
56. America Cell Bank. ¿Por qué la medicina regenerativa con células madre podría ser la medicina del futuro? America Cell Bank. https://americacellbank.com.co/blog/por-que-la-medicina-regenerativa-con-celulas-madre-podria-ser-la-medicina-del-futuro/
57. StemSave. La Inteligencia Artificial en la Medicina Regenerativa. StemSave. https://stemsave.com/la-inteligencia-artificial-en-la-medicina-regenerativa/
58. Pharmaceutical Technology. Artificial intelligence in regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical Technology. https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/comment/artificial-intelligence-regenerative-medicine/?gdpr
59. HackMD. Bioimpresión 4D. HackMD. https://hackmd.io/@xalca/S18J9jXz6
60. Bohrium. Bioimpresión 4D. Bohrium. https://www.bohrium.es/bioimpresion-4d-en-la-medicina/
61. Hilaris Publisher. Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine. Hilaris Publisher. https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/nanotechnology-in-regenerative-medicine-44933.html
62. GlobeNewswire. El futuro de la medicina regenerativa: materiales inteligentes, bioimpresión 3D y más allá. GlobeNewswire. 2023 https://www.globenewswire.com/es/news-release/2023/12/12/2794939/0/es/El-futuro-de-la-medicina-regenerativa-materiales-inteligentes-bioimpresi%C3%B3n-3D-y-m%C3%A1s-all%C3%A1.html
63. EU Science Hub. Organ-on-a-chip: What future for human health and safety testing? EU Science Hub. https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/scientific-summaries/organ-on-a-chip-what-future-human-health-and-safety-testing_en
64. Team Consulting. Organ-on-a-chip: How can the industry overcome the remaining challenges? Team Consulting. 2023 https://www.team-consulting.com/news/organ-on-a-chip-how-can-the-industry-overcome-the-remaining-challenges/
65. Scifiniti. Bioimpresión in situ: el futuro de la medicina regenerativa. Scifiniti. https://www.scifiniti.com/es/in-situ-bioprinting-the-future-of-regenerative-medicine/
66. Dr. Vanbeusekom. El futuro de la medicina regenerativa. Dr-Vanbeusekom.com. https://www.dr-vanbeusekom.com/es/el-futuro-de-la-medicina-regenerativa/
67. SHA Magazine. El futuro de la medicina regenerativa: avances y tendencias. SHA Magazine. https://shaellam.com/el-futuro-de-la-medicina-regenerativa-avances-y-tendencias/
68. Mayo Clinic. Medicina regenerativa: ¿estamos en el umbral de una revolución? Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/es/medical-professionals/regenerative-medicine/news/regenerative-medicine-are-we-on-the-cusp-of-a-revolution/mac-20455580.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Esteban Llorente-Nuñez, Diago Nunes-Coelho (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The article is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Unless otherwise stated, associated published material is distributed under the same licence.
